ES 105 Essay Example

ES 105 Paper The radioactive fuel of earth is U, Th, K The early Earths atmosphere was mostly made of CO2, water, and hydrogen sulfide. Relative to the age of the earth, the fraction of time that humans have existed is 0.04% Early heating of the earth:1. formed the core and mantle2. metled iron and some nickel3. led to the formation of the magnetic field4. occurred soon after planetary formation5. (ALL OF THE ABOVE) all of the above Early life on earth:1. began in the oceans2. dates back to at least 3.8 billion years3. was one-celled bacteria and algae4. thrived near sea floor plate boundaries 5. (ALL OF THE ABOVE) 5. (ALL OF THE ABOVE) Humans on Earth1. as genus homo date back to 2.5 million years, species homo sapien 40,000 years2. did not have a population of about 1 billion until the year 18303. emerged during the Ice Age4. settled the Americas during the last 15,0005. all of the above 5. (ALL OF THE ABOVE) The current human population is over 7 billion Earths early atmosphere was derived from volcanoes The core of the earth is principally composed of iron + nickel The convecting zone of a partial melt in the mantle is termed the aesthenosphere The oldest life forms on planet earth include (name one) algae (2.2 b.y ago) The oldest rocks within the continents date back to ___ billion years 4 billion Island arcs result from convergence of two ocean plates? T/F True subduction zone earthquakes range in depth from shallow at the trench to several hundred kilometers beneath the overriding plate T/F True Ocean crust is oldest at the ocean ridges and becomes progressively younger the distance from the ridge T/F False The longest mountain range of the earth is mostly underwater T/F True Transform faults connect ends of offset ocean ridges True The present site of the Ural mountains represents the demise of a long lost ocean True A _______ plate boundary is one marked by volcanism, compressional deformation and an inclined zone of earthquakes convergent A ________ plate boundary is one marked by volcanoism, extension and shallow earthquakes divergent The Mediterranean is a remnant of the _____sea Tethys Ocean Volcanic islands above subduction zones have arcuate trends because the earth is ____________ round Continents and island arcs grow in size at zones of subduction by the dual process of ________ and accretion volcanoism the wedge of sediments accumulating off shore of a rifted continental margin is known as a geoclines The author of the Continental drift was also shot twice in WWI set an air balloon record in 1906, wrote the book the origin of the continents and oceans in 1915 and later died in 1930 expedition in greenland where his remains continue to be buried in ice. He was _____ Alfred Wegner Most of the Earths seafloor has been recycled back into the mantle T/F True The greater the distance to an earthquake epicenter, the longer time between primary and secondary waves True The San Andreas Fault is a boundary between the North American and Pacific plates, the latter presently moving northward toward the Aleutian Trench T/F True The Appalachian Mountains1. Represent the remnants of a himalayan-type mountain chain2. formed from there stages of island arc and continental collision3. were rifted, the components of which occur on both sides of the atlantic ocean4. once stretched from the baltic regions of northern Europe to west Texas 5. ALL OF THE ABOVE 5. ALL OF THE ABOVE Continental collision results in 1. a double thickness of continental crust2. the formation of unusually high mountains within the interior of a continent3. the end of subduction4. a fault suture marked by fault-bounded slabs of serpentinite 5. ALL OF THE ABOVE 5. ALL OF THE ABOVE The Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale is used to access probable damage over the region impacted by an earthquake T/F True The youngest ocean crust can be found at (MOR) The youngest oceanic crust is at the bottom of the ridge which is formed by two diverging oceanic plates. When oceanic plates diverge, or move away from one another, magma fills the space they create forming a new layer of crust. The alps formed from collision of europe with Africa Seismologists have abandoned Richter magnitudes in favor of ____ magnitudes moment magnitudes ___-waves travel the fastest and are the first to be felt during an earthquake P waves The intense ground shaking on water-saturated ground is termed liquefaction Heating the inner portions of earth resulted from the FISSION of the hydrogen atoms T/F True Planet earth had very little atmosphere at the time of its formationT/F True A rock sample from saturn, if brought back to earth, would be much heavier than any common earth rock False lighter The universe is expanding today True Edwin Hubble confirmed what theory? theory of expanding universe Mars has an atmosphere at 0.7% of that of earth and is mostly _____ CO2 Venus has an atmosphere at 90x that of the earth and is mostly ________ CO2 Galaxies have a reddish color due to the doppler effect The origin of the universe is called the big bang The universe was formed ___ years ago 13.7 billion Fuel of stars including our sun is hydrogen What is the Cambrien era and when did it begin? The beginning of life (3.8 billion years) Earth is _____ yrs old 4.6 billion Earths moon died____ years ago 4 billion Water came from commets Air came from volcanoes Oldest rock is _____ y.o. from the ___ period and can be found in _______ 4 billion, archean, Grand Canyon Heating of the inner portions of the earth resulted from the fusion of hydrogen atoms T/F False it results from radioactivity Who confirmed the expansion of the universe? Edwin Hubble meteorites brought_____ to earth metal The K-T extinction was1. caused by asteroids2. not the biggest one3. led to the age of reptiles4. led to the beginning of mammales5. occurred 66 million6. all of the above ALL OF THE ABOVE Humans on Earth:1. genus date back to 2.5 million years2. homo sapien 40, 000 years3. did not have a population about 1 billion union 1830s4. emerged during the ice age5. settled in the americans during the last 15,000 years6. All of the above All of the above Island arcs result from the convergence of two ocean platesT/F True Subduction zone earthquakes range in depth from shallow at the trench to several hundred kilometers beneath the overriding plate T/F True Transform faults connect ends of offset ocean ridges True Rifting of Gondwanaland resulted in the formation of Laurasia and Pangea : T/F False other way around What is a fault? A fault is a crack in the earths crust resulting from moving plates Rift valley The separation of divergent plates on a continent Convergent boundary is a boundary where two separate plates are pushing into each other A volcanic hot mudflow is known as a (an) _____. lahar Island arcs result from convergence of two oceanic plates T/F True Volcanic activity of the Cascade Mountain Range of the Pacific Northwest results from continental collision T/F False A ropey type of basalt lava is termed pahoehoe Heating of the inner portions of the Earth result from fusion of Hydrogen atoms. T/F False The port town of St. Pierre, on the Caribbean island of Martinique, was destroyed by nuee ardente. T/F True Mauna Loa of Hawaii is an example of a shield volcano Hot spot volcanoes originate from the core/mantle boundary Large igneous intrusions are known as batholiths mid ocean tracks such as that of hawaii and the emperor seamount chainindicate that indicate plate mption opposite to the direction of younging of the volcanic islands and seamounts. ** A ___ is a thin, cross-cutting intrusion. dike A ___ is a thin intrusion that runs parallel or concordant to layers. sill ___ texture results from slow cooling deep in the Earth. Phaneritic ___ are frozen bubbles in a volcanic rock. vesiceles Basalts are the most fluid (least viscous) of lava flows because of their high Temperature and low Silica content. Both the Red Sea and the Gulf of California are the recent result of rifting and seafloor spreading. T/F True ___ ___ is a type of mass wasting that involves the gradual and slow downhill movement of soil. soil creep The widening of joints by expanding ice is known as frost wedging The irregular surface at the toe of a slide is termed hummocky ground. Seven indications of previous or probably landslide activity include steep slopes, soft rocks, water, loss of vegetation, dip slope conditions, prior history, or fracturing. The ___ Cycle involves the weathering of igneous rocks into sediment, forming sedimentary rocks, which with heat and pressure become metamorphic rocks, to then be melted back into igneous rocks. Rock Rhyolite is the least fluid (most viscous) form of lava because of its low Temperature and high Silica content The San Andreas Fault is a boundary between the North American and Pacific plates, the latter presently moving northward toward the Aleutian trench. T/F True The convecting zone of partial melt in the mantle is termed the asthenosphere Soil creep causes bent trees Rock debris at the bottom of a rock form is known as talus. T/F True Ocean crust melts during subduction, forming andesite magma, the dominant volcanic rock of island arcs.T/F True From high to low temp, the minerals in Bowens Reaction Series are: olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite The widening of joints by expanding ice is known as Frost Wedging Mt. St. Helens is an example of composite (strato) volcano Mass wasting that involves the downward slump of a rock unit or coherent rock material along a curved surface is slump A blocky type of basalt lava is termed aa Ocean crust melts during subduction, forming andesite magma, the dominant volcanic rock of island arcs. true A ____ volcano is primarily composed of air fall and pyroclastic basaltic material. cinder cone Japan Type of Volcano is: Convergent in sea, has a volcanic arc and is deep-sea trench Transform faults connect ends of offset ocean ridges. T/F True Our Solar Systems great mop-up occurred 4.6 billion yrs ago Continental Shelf is the surface of a ___ ridge Wilson Cycle describes Rifting of ancient lithosphere, sea floor spreading, mid plate process, plate convergence, and THE CREATION OF NEW CRUST AND THE DEEP MANTLE (change in ages of lithosphere) large igneous rocks are known as basalts ____ results from cooling deep in earth phanoritic silica in basalt: high or low? low silica , less viscous 4 stages of rift stages upwelling rifting subduction collision Andesitic and rhyolitic eruptions tend to be explosive because of their gas content and high viscosity. T/F true The wedge of sediments accumulating off shore of a rifted continental margin is known as a geocline Heating of the inner portions of the Earth result from fusion of Hydrogen atoms. False Mauna Loa of Hawaii is an example of a Shield Volcano Fuel of Stars =Fuel of Planets + moons = hydrogenradioactive energy Volcanic explosions yield ___ texture. pyroclastic Mass wasting is not a natural form of erosion and is generally induced by the influence of humans. T/F False Valley widening primarily occurs by mass wasting subsequent to erosion by running water. T/F True Magmas rise because they have low density Universe is expanding solar system is not True Mass movement of unconsolidated fluid mixtures of rock, dirt, sand, and water is a flow The irregular surface at the toe of a slide is termed hummocky ground Basalt forms from the melting of mantle periodite Rhyolite is the least fluid (most viscous) form of lava because of its low temperature and high silica content The fluid motion of the outer core is the cause of the Earths magnetic field. T/F True As early as 1911, Alfred Wegener presented ideas about seafloor spreading. T/F True The convecting zone of partial melt in the mantle is termed aesthenosphere The difference in magnitude between earthquakes with Richter and/or moment magnitudes 2 and 5 is 1,000 Subduction zones:have the most earthquakeshave the deepest earthquakeshave the most violent volcanoesdescend to the core-mantle boundaryall of the above all of the above Early Heating of the Earth:Formed the core and mantleMelted iron and some nickelLet to the formation of the magnetic fieldOccurred soon after planetary formationAll of the above All of the above Continental collision results in:A double thickness of continental crustThe formation of unusually high mountains within the interior of a continentThe end of subductionA fault suture marked by fault-bounded slabs of serpentiniteAll of the above all of the above Plinan Eruption (2 volcanoes that do them and what it looks like) st. helenes and mt vesuvius , its a gas and pyroclastic explosion that goes high into the atmosphere a broad volcano made up sole of basalt lava flows is a ___ volcano shield What are the phanoretic equivalent of basalt andesite and rhyolite respectively gabbro, diorite, granite What is the pacific ring of fire? the aleutions Nuee Ardente is the same thing as Pyroclastic Flow (Monserrat 1996) neer ardent/pyroclastic lava does what? glows Wilson cycle? (in 3 points) rift submurge collision when you see the himalayasians topography map with red outline that means? continental collision what two places can you find cinder cone volcanos hawaii and maui a shield volcano has fluid magma flows that travel further than start volcanoes T/F True what two plate movements have shallow earthquakes? divergent and shallow pt. Fermin has block slumps T/F true Hot pot volcanoes can be found in iceland and hawaii what rocks are particular to ocean/ocean convergence? andesite/diorite what rocks are particular to ocean/plate convergence? basalt/gabro what rocks are particular to divergent plates? andesite/dioriteand rhyolite/granite what are two type of subduction zones with immense volcanoes? japan-type and andean-type Plinean vertical blast often to very high altitudes in the atmosphere, ash fall, tuffs Pelean pyroclastic flows (nuee ardente), ash flow, welded tuffs just know